Tends to be most common in brackish to hypersaline environments such as coastal salt marshes, lagoons and estuaries.

On San Salvador Island, Bahamas, it appears to be the parent of a species group occurring in sympatry and exploiting diverse but specific resources with some spectacular morphological adaptations.

Endemic to San Salvador Island in the Bahamas where it’s known from six hypersaline lakes; Crescent Pond, Osprey Lake, Oyster Lake, Little Lake, Wild Dilly Pond and Moon Rock Pond.

Type locality is ‘San Salvador Island, Bahamas: Crescent Pond, 1 km SE of the Gerace Research Centre, lat 24°06’45″N, long 74°27’28″W’.

This species is a specialised lepidophage with approximately 50 % of the diet comprising the scales of other fishes.

Physical adaptations to this behaviour include its elongate body and jaw mechanism permitting a fast biting action.

The surrounding area is semi-arid and the Bolsón de Sandia was once a beautiful oasis with a number of springs, abundant vegetation and diverse wildlife but has dried up over the last twenty to thirty years due to indiscriminate water extraction for agriculture and other human uses.

Three endemic species of Cyprinodon, namely C. veronicae, C. longidorsalis and C. ceciliae, have been described from separate springs within the system…

Need not be too complicated so long as there are plenty of broken lines-of-sight.

Provide plenty of cover in the form of aquatic plants, wool mops, etc., and if using filtration air-powered, sponge-type units are best as these will not harm eggs or fry.

Lighting is unimportant but can be use…

El Pandeño de los Pando has a surface area of around 287 m² with depth ranging from 40-80 cm but there is an abandoned artificial channel which has an area of approximately 437 m².

Water temperature fluctuates between 38-48°C/100.4-118.4°F and the spring is considered one of the hottest environments inhabited by fish in the world.

The type locality originally consisted of a single spring-fed pond located in an endorheic basin known as ‘La Hediondilla’ at the foot of the ‘Cerro Potosí’ mountain and around 1880 m AMSL.

It had been modified to make it larger via an earth and rock dam, and below the pond were several distributaries running for a distance of 1-1.5 km.

Endemic to a handful of natural springs in the Río Verde valley, San Luis Potosí state, Central Mexico. The valley is believed to have once been filled by a large lake and the relict springs are part of the elevated Río (river) Verde basin which later drains into the much larger Río Pánuco system. Much of the aquatic fauna found in the valley is endemic to the area but in many cases threatened by introduced species.

The Iranian Plateau is home to a diverse group of Aphanius with four species already described and several awaiting description. These are among the most ancient in the genus having divereged away from a common ancestor around 20 – 24 million years ago. Among them this species is most closely related to A. sophiae from the Kor River system but can be distinguished by differences in patterning. Males of A. sophiae lack the characteristic darkcolouration seen in A. vladykovi and females possess a …

All Algerian Aphanius populations were considered to be representative of A. iberus until this species was described in 2006. It differs both morphologically and genetically from A. iberusand A. baeticus, probably diverging about 5.3 million years ago during the opening of the Straits of Gibraltar. It is most easily distinguished by the distinct mottled body patterning which in males of the other two species forms distinct vertical bars and in females dark spot-like markings. A. iberusis now k…