Need not be too complicated so long as there are plenty of broken lines-of-sight.

Provide plenty of cover in the form of aquatic plants, wool mops, etc., and if using filtration air-powered, sponge-type units are best as these will not harm eggs or fry.

Lighting is unimportant but can be use…

El Pandeño de los Pando has a surface area of around 287 m² with depth ranging from 40-80 cm but there is an abandoned artificial channel which has an area of approximately 437 m².

Water temperature fluctuates between 38-48°C/100.4-118.4°F and the spring is considered one of the hottest environments inhabited by fish in the world.

This species is also known as the 'pearlscale' or 'mother-of-pearl' cichlid in deference to the iridescent body scaling. It's also worth noting that fishes sold as Gymnogeophagus australis in Europe are ‘G.‘ brasiliens is more often than not.

Wild specimens exhibits significant dissimilarities in body colour and patterning depending on locality with basic colouration being dominated by varying shades of blue, green or yellow, for example. Some populations al…