Aspidoras raimundi

Aspidoras: from the Ancient Greek ἀσπίς (aspis), meaning 'shield', and δορά (dora), meaning 'skin, hide of an animal', in allusion to the rows of bony plates on the flanks of genus members.

raimundi: the person honoured has not been identified. Nijssen and Isbrücker (1976) suggested a Brazilian associate of Steindachner, and Raimund Banowsky, a contemporary of Steindachner in Vienna, has also been proposed.

Coastal river drainages in north and northeastern Brazil, including the rio Parnaíba basin and coastal rivers in Ceará state.

Type locality is 'At mouth of brook emptying into Rio Parnahyba near Victoria, Maranhão State, Brazil'. The type locality of A. spilotus, now a synonym, is 'Riacho dos Macacos, tributary of River Acaráu, Ceará State, Brazil'.

An aquarium with minimum base dimensions of 60 ∗ 30 cm24 ∗ 12 in or more is recommended.

Ideally use a substrate of fine sand, although rounded gravel is an acceptable alternative provided it's kept scrupulously clean.

Other décor is largely down to personal choice, but some cover should be provided to give the fish security.

This species requires stable, clean water conditions and should never be added to a biologically immature set-up.

Aspidoras spp. are foraging omnivores and will accept most sinking dried foods, as well as small live and frozen varieties such as chironomid larvae (bloodworm), Tubifex, etc.

Feeding a varied diet will ensure the fish are in optimum condition.

Under no circumstances should they be expected to survive on 'left-overs' from other inhabitants of the aquarium or relied on to 'clean' the aquarium.

Peaceful and gregarious. Should be maintained in a group of at least 4-6 individuals.

Females tend to grow larger, and sexually mature individuals are noticeably rounder and broader-bodied than males, especially when gravid.