Pimelodus maculatus

Native to the Rio Paraná and Rio São Francisco basins in Brazil and Argentina.

Tends to be found in shallow, flowing waters over sandy or muddy substrates, including both major river channels and their tributaries. It also inhabits pools and small lakes left behind when floodwaters recede at the end of the wet season.

120 ∗ 60 ∗ 60 cm48 ∗ 24 ∗ 24 in - ~432 litres~114 US gal should be the minimum tank size considered for an active catfish such as this. This would also suffice for a small group.

Does best in a dimly lit environment with plenty of swimming space, and a few hiding places to provide security. You won't see it move around as much in a brightly lit tank, except perhaps at feeding time. Under lower light conditions it will cruise around at most times of the day once settled. As with most catfish, a fine sandy substrate is preferable. The addition of some driftwood roots and branches and perhaps some smooth rounded stones would help to simulate the kind of riverine environment the species inhabits in nature. Plants can be used if you like but choose hardy species such as Anubias or Java fern, as these have no particular lighting requirements. They can also be grown attached to the decor which will help to maximise the amount of floor space available.

Filtration should be strong and efficient, preferably with a good amount of flow. A strict regime of maintenance is essential as like other "pims" it's sensitive to deteriorating water conditions, often losing its barbels. Weekly partial water changes should be considered a must.

Temperature: 20 – 24 °C68 – 75 °F

pH: 6.4-7.4

Hardness: 5-20°H

Very easy to feed, although you might need to add food at night until the fish are acclimatised to their surroundings. It mainly preys on aquatic invertebrates in nature, but in the aquarium will greedily accept just about anything offered. Meaty items such as live or frozen bloodworm, Tubifex or small earthworms are particularly relished, but dried sinking foods will also be taken. Take care not to overfeed as this is one of those species that will habitually gorge itself until it can literally take no more, ending up with a hugely distended stomach. It only really needs to be fed every few days when adult. The feeding response of a group of these is very frisky indeed once they smell food in the water, quickly achieving a frenzied state.

Peaceful enough but bear in mind this is a predatory species and will eat smaller fish. It's really only suitable for roomy tanks with occupants that can't be swallowed. It can also bother slower moving tankmates (such as many cichlids) with its activity levels and long barbels, especially at night or when feeding. Robust, active species therefore make the best tankmates. Rainbowfish, medium to large-sized characins, cyprinids and tough catfish such as Loricariids or Doradids are all suitable.

Although a single specimen will survive by itself, it's a shoaling species by nature and will be much more outgoing and active when maintained in a group. If kept alone it tends to remain hidden during daylight hours, emerging only after lights out.

Unknown, although adult females are likely to be stockier in build than males.

There are no reports of successful breeding in the hobby. It's a migratory species, travelling quite large distances upstream during the wet season to spawn. The changes in water chemistry and surroundings required to simulate such a migration in captivity would be tricky to reproduce.

There are currently 32 genera and over 80 species included in the family Pimelodidae (including Pimelodus), making it the second largest and one of the most diverse amongst catfish. Most experts agree however, that a full systematic revision of the family is needed, as little information about the phylogenetic (evolutionary relatedness) relationships between the various genera exists. Taxonomy information at the species level is also basic at best. It's therefore likely that at least some of the Pimelodids will be reclassified at some point in the future.

Take care when purchasing these. When first imported they can be in pretty bad shape, tending to suffer from a combination of malnutrition and oxygen deprivation. Like other pims, it's a scaleless fish and is therefore also very susceptible to certain diseases such as whitespot. Unfortunately its delicate skin means it's also sensitive to many of the common medications on the market. Be sure to read the instructions carefully before adding any medication to a tank containing these. If in doubt, halve the dose as a precautionary measure.

Caution must also be exercised when catching any Pimelodus. They have very rigid pectoral and dorsal spines, which can easily become tangled in the mesh of an aquarium net. These can also cause a painful wound if you happen to be impaled. The sensation is something akin to being stung by a bee or wasp, an initial sharp pain being followed by localised swelling and some fairly nasty throbbing sensations. The toxin responsible is not actually injected into the skin, but is contained in the mucus that coats the fin spines. While these "stings" are essentially harmless, they certainly cause a couple of hours of discomfort and you should avoid handling these cats wherever possible. Try using a pint glass or similar instead of a net if you need to move them for any reason.