Brahmaputra

The red-tailed squirrel loach, Aborichthys elongatus, is a nemacheilid loach from Darjeeling District, West Bengal, in north-east India. It lives among rocks and cobbles in shallow, swift streams running down from the Sivalik Hills into the Teesta and Brahmaputra drainage. The species is quite rare in the trade, and most fish sold under the name are collected at lower altitudes in Jalpaiguri District and probably represent different species.

The peacock loach, Acanthocobitis pavonacea, is a large nemacheilid loach from the Brahmaputra River drainage in Assam, northeastern India. At 120 to 156 mm SL it is one of the largest nemacheilids, and Singer and Page (2015) treat it as the only member of Acanthocobitis. It isn't common in the trade, but occasional specimens turn up among wild-caught shipments from northeast India, sometimes sold as 'panther' or 'puma' loach.

Badis assamensis is a badid from the Brahmaputra River basin in Assam state, northeast India, and the largest species in its genus. Like most badids it is poorly documented. Its body patterning is almost identical to that of B. blosyrus, but it grows slightly larger, to 65 to 75 mm, and has a noticeably shorter jaw profile. The neotype was collected from a slow-moving forest stream in the Dibru River drainage, and it is a slow-moving, retiring fish that more boisterous tankmates can outcompete for food.

Badis blosyrus is a badid from western Assam and northern West Bengal in India, in the Brahmaputra drainage. Like most badids it is poorly documented. Its body patterning is almost identical to that of B. assamensis, but it is slightly smaller and has a noticeably elongated, better-developed jaw. In the Raidak River it was collected from cool, shallow, flowing water over small rocks and sand, with thick marginal vegetation.

Barilius bendelisis is a large, fast-swimming cyprinid from India, Bangladesh, Nepal and probably Bhutan. Occasionally sold as 'Indian hill trout' or 'Hamilton's baril', it has 8 to 12 bluish vertical bars and, in adults, a blue-black spot on each scale. It grows to around 200 mm SL and inhabits well-oxygenated, fast-flowing rivers and streams, and its speed and vigorous feeding make it unsuitable for the general community.

Barilius shacra is a cyprinid from the Himalayan foothills of Nepal and northern India, in the Ganges and Brahmaputra systems, and from Bangladesh. Poorly known in the hobby but exported on occasion, it has around 12 vertical bars on each flank and a black band in the upper third of the dorsal fin. It inhabits well-oxygenated, fast-flowing rivers with gravel, cobble and boulder substrates, and is too fast and vigorous a feeder for the general community.

Barilius vagra is a cyprinid widely distributed in the Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems of northern India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Poorly known in the hobby but exported on occasion, it has 10 to 14 vertical bars on each flank that do not extend below the lateral line. It inhabits well-oxygenated, fast-flowing rivers and tributaries with gravel, cobble and boulder substrates, and its speed and vigorous feeding make it unsuitable for the general community.

The Bengal loach, Botia dario, is a botiid loach from the middle to lower Ganges and Brahmaputra drainages in northern India, Bangladesh and Bhutan. Its yellow to golden body carries 7-9 dark bars with thinner, lighter bars between, and its particularly curved head makes it among the most easily recognisable in the genus. Botia macrolineata, described from aquarium fish shipped via Bombay, represents the same species. It is among the botiids produced commercially using hormones.

Botia rostrata is a botiid loach from the lower Ganges and middle to lower Brahmaputra basins in northern India and Bangladesh. Traded as the 'Gangetic loach', 'twin-banded loach' or 'ladder loach', almost all fish sold under the name are B. sp. 'upper Brahmaputra', and B. rostrata sensu stricto is rarely, if ever, available. Juveniles carry 9-10 dark body bars, usually in pairs, which break up to differing extents as the fish grow.

The moose-faced loach, Canthophrys gongota, is a cobitid loach from the Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems in Nepal, northern India and Bangladesh. Often referred to as Somileptes gongota in aquarium literature, it is rarely seen in the trade, being notoriously delicate and difficult to ship. It mostly inhabits slow-moving, shallow tributaries and minor rivers over mud, sand or gravel.

Chagunius chagunio is a large cyprinid endemic to the Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins in northern India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Growing to 400-450 mm, it can only be considered suitable for public aquaria and a very small minority of private aquarists. Rarely seen in the trade, it looks almost identical to C. baileyi and C. nicholsi but has more circumferential and circumpeduncular scales.

Traded for years as 'Lal Cheng', Channa andrao is a snakehead endemic to the Brahmaputra River basin in northeastern India. It stays at a manageable size while showing much of the behaviour and colour of larger members of the genus. It lacks pelvic fins and is most often confused with C. bleheri, from which it differs in fin markings and in being a paternal mouthbrooder.

The orange-spotted snakehead, Channa aurantimaculata, is a snakehead endemic to the Brahmaputra basin in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, India. Also traded as 'golden cobra snakehead', it has seven or eight large, irregular orange blotches on a dark upper body. Aggressively territorial towards its own kind, it needs a species tank, and violence can break out suddenly even in pairs kept together for a long time.

The rainbow snakehead, Channa bleheri, is a snakehead endemic to the Brahmaputra basin in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. A popular aquarium fish, it lacks pelvic fins and has reddish orange markings on the caudal fin. Both parents guard the floating eggs. It has been recommended as a concern for conservation because of its restricted range and burrow habitat, though it is unclear whether collection for the trade affects wild populations.

The dwarf snakehead, Channa gachua, is a snakehead recorded across an enormous range from Iran to Taiwan and Bali. There is significant evidence that C. gachua as currently understood is a complex of similar-looking species in need of taxonomic review. A mouthbrooder bred regularly in captivity, it can share a well-chosen community with peaceful fishes too large to be prey, but populations should not be mixed as some may hybridise.

The Assamese snakehead, Channa stewartii, is a snakehead of the C. gachua group from the Brahmaputra and Ganges basins of India, Bangladesh and Nepal. It is also listed from Bhutan and Myanmar and grows to about 30 cm TL. Keepers give it a cooler winter of about 16-18 °C, it is aggressive towards its own kind, and the male broods the eggs in his mouth.

The neon hatchet fish, Chela cachius, is a deep-bodied cyprinid mostly recorded from the Ganges and Brahmaputra systems of India and Bangladesh. Its extremely deep body means it is unlikely to be confused with any related species, and it is the only valid member of the genus. A habitat generalist, it is an active schooling fish that is best kept in a group of at least 8-10 in a tank with a tightly-fitting cover, since it is an accomplished jumper.

Crossocheilus latius is a cyprinid widespread in India, described from the Tista River on the border with Bangladesh. It lives everywhere from boulder-strewn Himalayan hill streams to silt-laden tributaries and pools. Not often available in the trade, it sometimes turns up in shipments of Indian Garra, and its relatively plain pattern makes it unlikely to be confused with congeners. Juveniles are gregarious and active, but adults tend to become sedentary and solitary.

The frail gourami, Ctenops nobilis, is an anabantoid from the Ganges and Brahmaputra systems in northeastern India, Bangladesh and Nepal. The only recognised member of its genus and a paternal mouthbrooder, it is usually regarded as very difficult to keep but is quite adaptable once acclimatised. It appears to react poorly to export and shipping, so imports are often in poor condition and prone to Oödinium. Adults can be openly hostile towards conspecifics.

The moustached danio, Danio dangila, is a cyprinid from the Ganges and Brahmaputra drainages, with most records from Nepal, India and Bangladesh. The common name refers to its exceptionally long barbels, and despite its apparent abundance in nature it remains uncommon in the hobby. Its constant activity can upset slow-moving or timid tankmates, so it suits larger tanks with similarly-sized fishes, and adult size appears to vary by population from 60 to 130 mm.

Danio jaintianensis is a small cyprinid known only from the Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya, in the Brahmaputra system of northeastern India. It is likely to be restricted to small, slower-moving hill streams with gravel and rocky substrates and thick marginal vegetation. It is best kept in an unheated tank and tends to struggle above 25 °C for long periods. Its temperature needs and rarity make it hard to recommend for the general community.

Danionella priapus is a miniature cyprinid known only from the Jorai River, a Sankosh tributary in the Brahmaputra drainage of West Bengal, India. Males have a conical projection of the genital papilla forming a funnel between the pelvic fins, a feature that may be unique within the Cypriniformes. Referred to as D. sp. 'Jorai River' before its description, it grows to 16 mm SL and was collected from a sluggish, densely vegetated stream alongside Dario dario.

The scarlet badis, Dario dario, is a tiny badid from tributaries of the Brahmaputra in West Bengal and Assam, India. Among the smallest percoid fishes known, it grows to 20 mm SL and is a popular choice for 'nano' aquaria. Males are the only Dario with seven iridescent blue vertical bars on the flanks, and rival males can be very aggressive towards one another in confined spaces.

Devario aequipinnatus is a striped devario from hill streams in northeastern India, Bangladesh and Nepal. It is recognised by three straight dark stripes along each side, of which the middle one is widest. The name was long applied to almost any striped Devario, including the commercially bred giant danio, which is covered here under D. malabaricus.

Devario assamensis is a deep-bodied devario from Assam and West Bengal in northeastern India, in tributaries of the lower Brahmaputra. It has been traded as Devario sp. 'Mirik red', D. sp. 'redline' and D. sp. 'blood stripe', but is very rare in the hobby. If the distribution records are correct, it occurs from around 250 m AMSL in Darrang to 1767 m at Mirik, and possibly higher in Bhutan.

The Bengal danio, Devario devario, is a devario from the Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems in northern India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Also known as the 'Sind danio', it is told apart from congeners by a single, interrupted lateral stripe on each flank. It is relatively common in the trade and produced commercially, with an albino form and a short-bodied variant sometimes sold as D. sp. 'mini Putao'.

The flying barb, Esomus danrica, is a cyprinid with an enormous range across Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, most of India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. It shows a marked preference for shallow, slow-moving and standing waters such as rice paddies with dense vegetation, and is generally absent from major river channels. Reports on its suitability for community aquaria are mixed, with some keepers seeing a pronounced tendency to nip fins.

The violet shark, Labeo boga, is a cyprinid from most major river systems in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar. It inhabits major river channels and larger tributaries and grows to 250 mm, needing a tank of at least 240 x 60 cm. It is unsuitable for most home aquaria but turns up in the trade irregularly, also as the 'violet-gilled shark' or 'blushing violet shark'. L. boga as currently recognised probably represents a complex of closely-related species.

The Indian glass barb, Laubuka laubuca, is a cyprinid probably endemic to the Ganges-Brahmaputra system in northern India, Bangladesh and Nepal. Traditionally considered to occur across the Indian subcontinent and most of Southeast Asia, it appears to be far more restricted, and many fish in the trade are probably L. siamensis. L. laubuca has a roundish, ocellated humeral spot and a thin, less conspicuous stripe interrupted by vertical markings. Other names include 'Indian hatchet fish' and 'winged danio'.

Lepidocephalichthys annandalei is a cobitid loach from the mid-to-lower Ganges and Brahmaputra systems in Nepal, Bangladesh and north-east India. Rarely traded, it has been sold as L. sp. 'peacock', presumably for its caudal-fin pattern of two dark v-shaped markings, unique within the genus. Fish in the trade differ slightly from the original description, in particular lacking a notched caudal fin.

Lepidocephalichthys berdmorei is a cobitid loach found across Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, north-eastern India and Bangladesh. One of the most frequently-traded members of the genus, it is an excellent choice for those new to keeping loaches. Unlike most congeners it shows a preference for headwaters and streams with clear, flowing water, and its larger adult size separates it from the similar L. thermalis.

Lepidocephalichthys goalparensis is a cobitid loach from the Brahmaputra, Ganges and upper Irrawaddy basins in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Rarely seen in the hobby, it was imported into the UK in late 2011 as bycatch among mastacembelid eels from northern India, and the identification was confirmed by Justin Havird. The forked caudal fin normally carries four or five broad, dark V-shaped bars.

Lepidocephalichthys guntea is a cobitid loach from the Ganges and Brahmaputra systems of northern India, Nepal and Bangladesh, and much of Myanmar. One of the most frequently-traded members of the group, it is an excellent choice for those new to keeping loaches. Males carry a solid, dark lateral stripe and females spotted flanks, and patterning varies with origin. It is also used as a food fish, eaten fresh and dried.

Lepidocephalichthys micropogon is a cobitid loach from Myanmar, western Thailand, Bangladesh and Assam, India. Known from the Salween, Sittaung, Irrawaddy and Brahmaputra drainages and occasionally exported as bycatch, it grows to 55 mm SL and has a strongly forked caudal fin with broad, dark V-shaped bars. Kottelat (2012) treats L. manipurensis as a synonym, though Havird and Page (2010) list the two separately.

Nemacheilus corica is a loach from Himalayan foothill rivers of the Ganges and Brahmaputra systems in Nepal, northern India and Bangladesh. Usually referred to Schistura in the hobby, it has been placed in Nemacheilus by most authors since the late 1970s, though its generic placement requires further study. A row of variably sized dark spots runs along the back and another along each flank, both ending in a dark blotch at the caudal-fin base.

Traded as 'striped hill trout' or 'banded hill trout', Opsarius barna is a cyprinid from the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins in northern India. It is thought to also occur in the Mahanadi and in river systems in Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Rakhine State, Myanmar, in well-oxygenated, fast-flowing rivers over gravel, cobbles and boulders. An extremely fast swimmer and vigorous feeder, it is unsuitable for the general community.

Oreichthys cosuatis is a small cyprinid probably restricted to the Ganges and Brahmaputra River basins in Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Several undescribed Oreichthys spp. from India, Myanmar and Thailand continue to be traded under its name, and apparent records from those places likely represent other species. It lacks a black blotch on the caudal peduncle, and adults have a dark triangular blotch in the anal-fin.

The drape fin barb, Oreichthys crenuchoides, is a small cyprinid possibly endemic to Brahmaputra tributaries in West Bengal, eastern India. The species is sometimes traded as Oreichthys cosuatis, O. sp. 'high fin', Puntius 'arunavii' or 'neon highfin barb'. Males have a significantly enlarged dorsal-fin, and a large black marking at the caudal-fin base with no dark marking in the anal-fin separates it from congeners.

The Indian ricefish, Oryzias dancena, is widely distributed through eastern and southern India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Mostly coastal but adaptable, it has been collected from strongly brackish mangrove swamps to acidic freshwater forest streams. It continues to be misidentified as O. melastigma, a name most recent workers consider invalid, or as O. javanicus, a valid but distinct taxon.

Paracanthocobitis zonalternans is a nemacheilid loach ranging from Manipur in India through Myanmar into western and peninsular Thailand. Several species are thought to be confused under the name, and Singer and Page (2015) consider it likely to be a species complex. Among the more peaceful members of the genus, it does best in a mixed-sex group of at least half a dozen, and it has been bred in aquaria, first by UK aquarist Mick Wright.

The rosy barb, Pethia conchonius, is a small cyprinid found from Pakistan throughout India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Generally considered one of the hardiest small cyprinids in the hobby, it is an excellent choice for newcomers. Wild specimens are not usually available and the vast majority are commercially bred, with long-finned, 'veil-tail', 'super red', 'neon' and 'golden' strains among the forms selective breeding has produced. Feral populations exist in several countries.

The golden dwarf barb, Pethia gelius, is a small cyprinid native to the Ganges and Brahmaputra river drainages of northern India and Bangladesh. Records suggest a wider range, including Tamil Nadu and the Ayeyarwady delta in Myanmar, though the latter may warrant investigation. Knight (2013) settled its identity, revalidating P. canius and describing P. aurea, both previously treated as phenotypes of P. gelius. Very peaceful but timid, it does best alone or with other diminutive species.

The dwarf barb, Pethia phutunio, is a small cyprinid from the lower Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins in Bangladesh and India. Frequently misidentified and quite rare in the trade, it is sometimes called 'spotted-sail barb' or 'spotted-tail barb'. Several congeners share its two black flank blotches, but it is smaller than all of them at 25 to 30 mm. It inhabits sluggish rivers, streams, ponds and swamps, often over deep mud or silt.

The ticto barb, Pethia ticto, is a small cyprinid widely distributed through most of the Indian subcontinent, from Pakistan and Nepal to Bangladesh. Its name is frequently misapplied to P. padamya in aquarium literature, though P. ticto is much the less colourful fish and males lack reddish-orange pigmentation on the body. Morphology and colour pattern vary by population, and some populations have already been described as distinct species.

The swamp barb, Puntius chola, is a cyprinid from much of Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and western Thailand. Sometimes called the 'chola' or 'green' barb, it has a single pair of barbels and dark blotches behind the operculum and near the caudal-fin base. It apparently prefers stiller waters over mud or silt, and makes an ideal addition to a peaceful community of riverine fishes.

The glass barb, Puntius guganio, is a small cyprinid widespread in the Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems of Bangladesh, Nepal and northern India. It lives in slow-moving or standing waters such as pools, ditches and minor rivers. Poorly known in the hobby, it is of uncertain taxonomic placement, and its stiff, serrated last dorsal-fin ray, incomplete lateral line and 36-39 lateral scales are shared only with 'P.' nangalensis.

The onespot barb, Puntius terio, is a cyprinid widely distributed from Pakistan through northern India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Its range covers parts of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra drainages, where it apparently prefers stiller waters over mud or silt. Populations vary in colour pattern to an extent, but all share a diffuse yellow-golden marking on the operculum and a dark spot on the caudal peduncle.

The honey gourami, Trichogaster chuna, is a labyrinth fish from the Ganges and Brahmaputra systems of India and Bangladesh, with records from Nepal. Virtually all fish on sale are commercially produced, and ornamental strains such as 'red', 'sunset' and 'golden' exist. Slow-moving and easily outcompeted, it needs peaceful tankmates and does best in a group of four to six.

The freshwater needlefish, Xenentodon cancila, is a belonid from Pakistan east through India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand. Often called 'freshwater garfish', it only superficially resembles the true gars, and most of its relatives in the Belonidae are marine or estuarine. A near-exclusive inhabitant of the upper water column, it is surprisingly peaceful with anything too large to swallow and is best kept in numbers of four or more, in a tank of 180 ∗ 60 cm or more.

The climbing perch, Anabas testudineus, is a labyrinth fish found from Pakistan and Sri Lanka east to southern China, Indonesia and Singapore. It lives in almost every kind of lowland water from rice paddies to main river channels, and can cross several hundred metres of land provided it stays moist. Its taxonomy is confused, and additional taxa probably exist. Its size and predatory nature make it unsuitable for the general community.

The goonch, Bagarius yarrelli, is a very large sisorid catfish recorded from the Indus in Pakistan east through Indochina to Sumatra and Borneo. Also known as the 'giant devil catfish' and 'sand shark', it reaches 1300 to 2000 mm and is fished for food across much of its range. That wide distribution appears doubtful, and Indian and Southeast Asian populations may prove not to be conspecific. It lives among boulders in the fast, turbulent rapids of large rivers.

Channa barca is a large snakehead from the Brahmaputra basin in Assam and Nagaland, northeastern India, where it is scarce. Rarely available but considered highly desirable in the hobby, it grows to 800-900 mm. In the wild it lives in vertical burrows around the margins of wetlands that dry out in winter, and its restricted range and specialised habitat have led to it being recommended as a concern for conservation.

The bullseye snakehead, Channa marulius, is a large snakehead recorded from Pakistan across southern Asia to southern China, Laos and Vietnam. Also called the 'giant', 'cobra' or 'Indian' snakehead, it is widely accepted to represent a complex of related species in need of further research. Reports of 120-180 cm remain to be proven, with 500-600 mm a more common adult size, and it is suitable only for public installations or the very largest private aquaria.

The Indian featherback, Chitala chitala, is a very large notopterid probably restricted to Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Its name has been widely misapplied in the trade, most often to the Southeast Asian C. ornata, but it is very rarely exported for aquaria and is fished and cultured for food in India. Growing to 1220 mm SL, it has non-ocellated black spots above the anal fin and is the only Chitala normally showing gold or silver bars on the back.

The bronze featherback, Notopterus notopterus, is an air-breathing notopterid from the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Also called 'Asian knifefish' or 'ghost knifefish' in the trade, it grows to 600 mm and arguably has no place in the ornamental hobby given its adult size and specialised requirements. The single species in Notopterus is likely to represent a complex of closely-related species.

The ring loach, Schistura sp. 1, is a nemacheilid loach collected for the trade in the Torsa river, a Brahmaputra tributary in West Bengal, India. Its identity is unclear: it has been considered to represent S. beavani, S. montana and S. himachalensis, but its bar count and plain fins argue against each. Unlike many congeners it is peaceful with conspecifics, and it has a propensity to bury itself when startled.

Garra arupi is a cyprinid from the upper Brahmaputra River basin in Arunachal Pradesh, northern India. It is sympatric with the congeners G. kempi and G. lissorynchus, and is told apart from them by scale and fin-ray counts, a transverse band of tubercles on the snout tip, and other characters. It grows to around 75 mm SL.

Garra kalpangi is a small cyprinid known only from the Kalpangi River, a Brahmaputra tributary in the Himalayan foothills of Arunachal Pradesh, India. It grows to around 75 mm SL and has two pairs of barbels and a weakly developed proboscis on the snout, a feature it shares with G. gravelyi, G. rotundinasus and G. elongata. Like other Garra it has a lower lip modified to form an adhesive disc.

Gymnostomus ariza is a cyprinid widely distributed from the Indus basin in Pakistan through India, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Growing to around 300 mm SL, it inhabits flowing streams and tributaries with clear water. It has a confusing taxonomic history, having been placed in Bangana, Cirrhinus and Labeo in recent years. It breeds in temporarily-inundated zones in the wet season and is also produced commercially for food.

Labeo angra is a benthic cyprinid from Pakistan, Nepal, northern India, Bangladesh and Myanmar, described from the Brahmaputra. It can be identified by a brownish back, yellowish flanks and belly, and a black to bluish stripe from the eye to the caudal-fin base. It undertakes annual spawning migrations within its native river systems.

The orangefin labeo, Labeo calbasu, is a large cyprinid from Pakistan, Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and southern China. Growing to 800 mm, it is an important food and game fish across its native range and is not a suitable subject for the home aquarium. It is known as 'black rohu' in parts of India and Bangladesh, and inhabits the lower reaches of major rivers, lakes and reservoirs.

Bagarius bagarius is a sisorid catfish with a wide but disjointed recorded range, from the Indus in Pakistan east to the Mekong and Malay Peninsula. Its identity is confused: the name has been widely applied to a small fish said to reach only 200 mm SL, but it may be the only Bagarius in the Indian subcontinent, in which case it can reach 2 metres. It is mostly collected from fast, turbulent rapids in larger rivers, where it shelters among boulders, and is best kept alone.