DR Congo

The cherry red Congo tetra, Alestopetersius brichardi, is an alestid from the middle Congo and tributaries such as the Busira and Ruki in DR Congo. It has also been sold under the misapplied names A. nigropterus and A. ansorgii. Adult males develop extended median caudal-fin rays, with a broad dark lateral stripe running from behind the eye to their tip, and the species is lively and somewhat skittish but generally peaceful.

The yellow-tailed Congo tetra, Alestopetersius caudalis, is an alestid from the lower Congo region, recorded upriver as far as the Irebu channel. Also traded as the 'yellow-finned', 'yellowtail' or 'blue Congo' tetra, it is occasionally bred commercially, though not on the scale of its better-known relative Phenacogrammus interruptus. Adult males develop extended median caudal-fin rays, and the narrow dark lateral stripe broadens markedly on the caudal fin.

The African rainbow tetra is an alestid from the Congo River system around Kinshasa, DR Congo, normally traded as Alestopetersius nigropterus. Neither that name nor A. cf. ansorgii, the other it is sold under, appears to be correct: the true A. nigropterus is endemic to Lake Mai-Ndombe and little or not exported, and A. ansorgii is a synonym of Nannopetersius ansorgii. Lively and somewhat skittish but generally peaceful, it suits a larger community aquarium.

The calvus cichlid, Altolamprologus calvus, is a laterally compressed predatory cichlid endemic to the rocky shores and islands of Lake Tanganyika. Its shape lets it enter crevices in the rockwork to prey on eggs, fry and small fish, and its thick scales have serrated edges. Several colour forms from different parts of the lake are regularly available and should be kept apart so they do not hybridise. Wild fish are sensitive to changes in water chemistry.

'Barbus' candens is a small African barb from the Congo basin in northern and central DR Congo, mainly between Lisala and Kisangani. It lives in slow-moving, shady rainforest streams and swamps with soft, acidic, brown-stained water. Rare in the trade and sporadically collected, it can be told from the better-known 'B.' hulstaerti, which has a bluer body, larger dark markings and yellow fins in males. Its shy nature suits it to a tank of similarly small, peaceful species.

The African banded barb, 'Barbus' fasciolatus, is a small cyprinid widely distributed in Central Southern Africa, from Angola to Zimbabwe. For many years it was imported as Barbus/Barbodes barilioides, now a junior synonym, and it is also called the blue banded or Angola barb. It has 10 to 15 blue-black vertical bars and lives in slow-flowing, heavily vegetated lake shallows, floodplain lagoons and rainforest streams.

The spotscale barb, 'Barbus' holotaenia, is a cyprinid from Central West Africa, found principally in the Ogooué and Congo river systems. It has been recorded right across DR Congo and appears to be primarily riverine. Rare in the hobby, it has been suggested as the closest surface-dwelling relative of the Congo blind barb, Caecobarbus geertsii, a claim the profile considers questionable.

The African butterfly barb, 'Barbus' hulstaerti, is a cyprinid endemic to DR Congo, in rainforest south and east of the main Congo River channel. It reappeared in the trade in 2006 after an absence of 25 years. It lives in slow-moving, shady rainforest streams and swamps with very soft, acidic, brown-stained water, and its shy, retiring nature makes it unsuitable for most community tanks.

'Barbus' jae is a small, delicate African barb from Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the two Congos, sometimes sold as 'jae' or 'charcoal' barb. Populations vary in colour and pattern with locality, and the forms should never be mixed in the aquarium, to avoid crossbreeding. It lives in shady rainforest streams and swamps with soft, acidic, brown-stained water, and its shy nature makes it unsuitable for most community aquaria.

Benthochromis tricoti is a deep-water cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it lives in open water and feeds on zooplankton. The species is seldom seen in the hobby as it is difficult to collect and ship, and the similar B. horii, described in 2008, had been confused with it and traded under its name. It needs a long tank with the upper two thirds left clear for swimming, and calm tankmates.

The long-finned tetra, Brycinus longipinnis, is an alestid characin from West Africa, found from Gambia to the Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon. It inhabits large rivers and, unusually for the genus, also moves into smaller streams and lightly brackish estuaries. Not imported often, it ships poorly but usually proves hardy once acclimatised, though it is very sensitive to deteriorating water conditions.

Caecomastacembelus albomaculatus is a spiny eel endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it inhabits rocky areas around the shoreline. Rarely seen in the hobby, it suits a Tanganyikan community of species too large to be considered food, and its hard, alkaline water requirements rule out most other freshwater tanks. The stiffened dorsal rays that give spiny eels their name mean care is needed when handling it.

Caecomastacembelus plagiostomus is a spiny eel endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found in shallow water over rocky areas around the shoreline. Very rarely seen in the hobby, it suits a Tanganyikan community of species too large to be considered food and is somewhat territorial with conspecifics. It grows to 300 mm SL, and its stiffened dorsal rays call for care when handling it.

The big-eyed mouthbrooder, Callochromis macrops, is a sand-sifting cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found in the southern part of the lake. It lives over shallow sandy bottoms near rocks, taking in mouthfuls of sand and sifting out invertebrates through the gills. Several geographical colour forms exist and should not be kept together, as they hybridise freely. Males are particularly belligerent towards one another in captivity, so a small tank suits one male with several females.

The worm-jawed mormyrid, Campylomormyrus tamandua, is a benthic mormyrid recorded from nine countries in West and Central Africa. It sometimes arrives among imports of the elephant fish, Gnathonemus petersii, but has both jaws extended into a beak-like shape. It needs pristine soft, acidic water, generally refuses standard foods and grows to 400 mm SL. Like other mormyrids it produces a weak electric field, used to navigate and to communicate.

The Congo barb, Clypeobarbus congicus, is a small African cyprinid from the Congo River drainage in the Republic of Congo and DR Congo. Rare in the hobby, it often turns out to be something else when it appears on exporters' lists. Its genus is characterised by a midlateral row of greatly enlarged, shield-like scales. A shoaling species with a distinct pecking order between males, it should be kept in a group of 8 or more in a well-planted tank.

Congochromis dimidiatus is a small cichlid of the central Congo basin in the Republic of the Congo and DR Congo, described from Bangui on the Ubangi. Most older aquarium literature knows it as Nanochromis dimidiatus. Its dark flank stripe runs into the caudal fin, which separates it from C. sabinae. Many museum records were identified before the genus was split, so some may belong to other species.

Congochromis sabinae is a small cichlid from rainforest streams in the Republic of the Congo, northeast Gabon and northern DR Congo. It was in the hobby before its description under names such as Nanochromis sp. 'Bamanja', 'Genema' and 'Bloody Mary', and continues to be mislabelled N. squamiceps. The dark midlateral stripe stops short of the caudal fin. At the type locality the water was stained reddish brown, with a pH of 4.0.

The leopard bushfish, Ctenopoma acutirostre, is an anabantoid from the middle Congo River basin, from Malebo Pool upstream to Boyoma Falls. Often sold as 'spotted climbing perch', it mimics leaves and other debris to stalk its prey, much like the unrelated South American leaf fish. Exceptionally hardy and long-lived, it can survive for over 15 years and makes an ideal species for the newcomer to 'oddballs'.

The featherfin cichlid, Cyathopharynx furcifer, is a maternal mouthbrooder endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it lives over scattered rocks and sand. Highly sought after in the hobby but fairly delicate, it needs a lot of space and the highest water quality, and males develop full adult colour only at around 4 inches. Males dig spawning craters up to 60 cm across. The colour forms of the two Cyathopharynx species should not be kept together, as they can hybridise.

The humphead cichlid, Cyphotilapia frontosa, is a large cichlid endemic to the northern portion of Lake Tanganyika. Known in the hobby as 'frontosa' or 'front', it grows to 255 mm SL and is gregarious, forming a dominance hierarchy in groups of at least five. Populations are usually labelled by locality to preserve pure bloodlines, and forms referred to as 'Blue Zaire' belong to its only congener, C. gibberosa.

Cyphotilapia gibberosa is a large cichlid endemic to southern Lake Tanganyika, with a hump on the forehead and broad vertical body bands. Until its description in 2003 the genus was considered monotypic, and forms referred to as 'Blue Zaire' are sometimes misidentified as C. frontosa. A gregarious maternal mouthbrooder, it grows to 255 mm SL and forms a dominance hierarchy in groups of at least five.

The sardine cichlid, Cyprichromis leptosoma, is a peaceful open-water cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika. In nature it congregates in shoals of several thousand, feeding on zooplankton, and it occurs in several geographical morphs, each in blue and yellow-tailed forms. Fish sold as C. leptosoma sp. 'Jumbo' grow larger than the 'true' leptosoma and are likely a different species, and none of these forms should be housed together because they can hybridise.

The smallscale Cyprichromis, Cyprichromis microlepidotus, is an open-water cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, mostly at the northern end of the lake. Quite a rarity in the hobby, it lives in huge mixed groups with other Cyprichromis species and the similar Paracyprichromis. Several geographical variants exist, each with a yellow and a blue-tailed form, and they should never be mixed in the aquarium because they will interbreed.

The six-banded distichodus, Distichodus sexfasciatus, is a large citharinid from Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania. The most common Distichodus in the hobby, it is often sold for the general community tank, which its temperament and size do not suit: it reaches 75 cm, though rarely more than 40 cm in aquaria. Juveniles are orange and black striped with red fins, but much of this colour fades as the fish grows.

Descamp's strange-tooth cichlid, Ectodus descampsii, is a shy cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, between Moliro and Utinta Bay. It inhabits open water over sand and is gregarious, so a group of at least eight is recommended. An undescribed fish, Ectodus sp. 'north', is sometimes imported under this name and has a smaller adult size and a black dorsal spot towards the front of the fin (in the middle in E. descampsii).

The striped goby cichlid, Eretmodus cyanostictus, is one of the goby cichlids endemic to Lake Tanganyika, living in the surge zone of rocky shores. It scrapes algae from the rocks with specialised teeth and has a swim bladder rendered useless to reduce buoyancy. Delicate in aquaria, it needs the highest water quality, a higher pH than many Tanganyikans and a specialised diet, and is not recommended for beginners.

Gnathochromis permaxillaris is a deep-water cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, recorded foraging at depths of up to 200 metres. The upper lip of adults is extended to extraordinary proportions, so the mouth faces downwards when opened, and the fish uses it to sift invertebrates from the sand. It is rare in the trade because it is difficult to collect in numbers, it is sensitive to deteriorating water quality, and the colour morphs should not be mixed as they may hybridise.

The African tiger fish, Hydrocynus vittatus, is a large predatory alestid found throughout Africa, from Egypt to South Africa. A voracious piscivore with dagger-shaped, interlocking teeth, it hunts in large shoals in the wild and is a popular game fish. Small specimens show up quite frequently in dealers' tanks, but even an aquarium of 300 by 90 cm is too small for an adult.

Regan's julie, Julidochromis regani, is the largest species of Julie, a cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika. It reaches 30 cm but rarely grows beyond 15 cm in aquaria, and is the least aggressive member of the genus. Less of a rock dweller than its congeners, it is more often found over sand with scattered rocks, though it still spawns in rocky caves. It may also be seen for sale as the striped or convict julie.

Lestradea perspicax is a cichlid endemic to the northern end of Lake Tanganyika, where it inhabits shallow water over sandy substrates. There is some confusion over the taxonomy of this species and its congener L. stappersi, which was originally regarded as a subspecies of perspicax and is now considered distinct. Very peaceful, and a maternal mouthbrooder in nature, it is not often seen in the hobby.

The African bullhead, Lophiobagrus cyclurus, is a small claroteid catfish endemic to Lake Tanganyika. It hides among rocks by day and forages after dark, and it lives in most communities of Tanganyikan catfish and cichlids, though very small fish will be eaten. It is rumoured to secrete a poisonous mucus when stressed that can kill other fish in the aquarium, which is one reason to house it in as large a tank as possible.

The Tanganyikan spiny eel, Mastacembelus ellipsifer, is a spiny eel endemic to Lake Tanganyika. It is found around the shores, most often where the rocks give way to sandier substrates, and spends much of its time burrowed in the substrate, so the aquarium needs a layer of sand. Nocturnal and predatory, it is best kept in a Tanganyikan community with species too large to be considered food.

Neolamprologus brichardi is a small cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found mainly over rocky shores in the northern half of the lake. Known in the hobby as the Princess of Burundi, it lives in large colonies where older young help their parents guard each new brood. It is very like N. pulcher and is told apart by the T-shaped pair of bars on its gill cover. The two hybridise, so they should not be kept together.

The striped lamprologus, Neolamprologus buescheri, is a cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found around the southern part of the lake. One of the most aggressive small cichlids in the hobby, it is not recommended for the beginner and needs plenty of caves for subdominant fish. Several geographical morphs are available, including 'gombi', 'kachese', 'kamakonde' and 'zaire'.

Neolamprologus callipterus is a shell-brooding cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, in which males grow many times larger than females. Males must be large enough to carry snail shells and females small enough to fit inside them, and in nature the nests of large males can measure several metres across. Males are territorial and aggressive, and the species is not very popular in the hobby because of its relatively drab colouration and aggressive nature.

Affectionately referred to as 'Puncs', the caudopunctatus is a social and active dwarf cichlid endemic to the rocky and intermediate areas of shallow waters in Lake Tanganyika. A substrate-spawning rock dweller in nature, 'Puncs' are also opportunistic shell dwellers in home aquaria.

The barred lamprologus, Neolamprologus fasciatus, is a predatory cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, living mainly in rocky areas. Its laterally compressed body lets it enter crevices in the rockwork to prey on invertebrates, eggs, fry and small fish. It is sometimes confused with juvenile Altolamprologus but has a blue-green iris and a more elongate body.

Neolamprologus kungweensis is a territorial cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it lives over open mud flats at 10 to 50 m and digs tunnels in the firm mud. It can be recognised by the gold on top of the eye and a black spot towards the back of the dorsal fin. It uses snail shells only occasionally in the wild. In the aquarium it breeds in them, and it needs a deep soft substrate to dig in and more empty snail shells than there are fish. It is not often seen in the hobby.

Lemaire's lamprologus, Neolamprologus lemairii, is a piscivorous cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, growing to around 25 cm. An ambush predator, it lies motionless on the substrate so that its mottled pattern makes it appear dead to the smaller fish that come to investigate. It is unsuited to the general aquarium and should be kept alone, with tankmates too large to be considered food. In nature it spawns in caves.

Known in the hobby as the brichardi, Neolamprologus pulcher is a cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it lives over rocky shoreline. It is sold as the fairy cichlid, lyretail cichlid and princess of Burundi, and is easy to keep and breed. It is aggressively territorial, especially when guarding fry, and in nature occurs in shoals of many thousands. Species in the 'Brichardi complex' hybridise freely and should not be mixed.

The five-barred lamprologus, Neolamprologus tretocephalus, is an aggressive cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika. It lives in relatively shallow water over rocky areas and intermediate zones with scattered rocks. Five vertical bars on the flanks, against six in N. sexfasciatus, separate the two species. Its aggression, particularly when breeding, rules it out of the general Tanganyikan community.

Ophthalmotilapia nasuta is a mouthbrooding cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found on its northwestern, southwestern and southern coasts. A fleshy, proboscis-like growth extending beyond the upper lip, more prominent in males, separates it from the rest of the genus. Several geographical morphs exist, including 'Kachese', 'Mpimbwe', 'Cape Tembwe' and 'Chamba', and these should not be mixed as they hybridise freely.

Ophthalmotilapia ventralis is a mouthbrooding cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found around most of the lake's coastline. It exists in well over 20 colour morphs, which hybridise freely and should not be mixed. In nature only the largest dominant males build nests, holding territories that may measure several metres across, while subdominant males and females shoal together.

The Tanganyikan tilapia, Oreochromis tanganicae, is a large cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it inhabits river mouths and shorelines. It is often seen in shoals in nature and appears to feed primarily on phytoplankton. Reaching 42 cm, it is not seen very often in the hobby.

Paracyprichromis brieni is a deep-water cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it is quite widespread. Males hold territories under rocky overhangs and are often seen hanging upside down beneath them, while females stay in open water above the rocks. It is easily confused with P. nigripinnis, its only congener, but has smaller eyes and a slimmer, more elongate body, and it quickly loses its best colouration under bright lighting or with boisterous tankmates.

A deep-water cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, Paracyprichromis nigripinnis is easily confused with P. brieni, its only congener. It has larger eyes and a slightly rounder, stockier body than that species. Males hold territories under rocky overhangs and can often be seen hanging upside down beneath them. Several colour morphs exist that hybridise if mixed, and the fish loses its best colouration under bright lighting or with boisterous tankmates.

Petrochromis famula is a cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found only in the northern part of the lake in shallow water over rocky bottoms. Its highly specialised mouthparts form a rasping 'plate' for scraping algae from rock, so the diet in captivity should be high in fibre and low in protein. Like others in the genus it has a nasty reputation, though aggression is directed primarily towards conspecifics.

The ornate bichir, Polypterus ornatapinnis, is a nocturnal bichir from Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Angola and Tanzania. It is found in rivers, ponds, marshes and lakes, including Tanganyika. The largest of the 'upper-jawed' polypterids, it reaches 60 cm, though usually less in aquaria, and will eat any tankmate small enough to fit in its mouth.

Reganochromis calliurus is a cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it usually swims at 60 metres depth or more over sand or mud. Its deep-water lifestyle makes it difficult to collect, and it is rarely seen in the hobby. A peaceful biparental mouthbrooder, it should be kept in pairs and not with boisterous species such as mbuna.

Synodontis dhonti is a large Synodontis catfish endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it lives in deep water down to at least 100 metres. Its deep-water habitat and solitary lifestyle make collection difficult, so it is rarely seen for sale. Juveniles may be confused with other Tanganyikan Synos but lose their spotted patterning as they mature. It grows to 400 mm SL, though usually much smaller in aquaria, and is territorial with its own kind.

Synodontis granulosa is a large Synodontis catfish endemic to the northern end of Lake Tanganyika, in Burundi and Tanzania. Its deep-water habitat, limited range and solitary lifestyle make collection difficult, so it is rarely seen for sale. It is territorial with its own kind and can be very aggressive in smaller aquaria, though settled fish often become tame enough to feed from the hand. Captive-bred fish from Eastern Europe have been reported to be hybrids.

The cuckoo Synodontis, Synodontis multipunctata, is a Synodontis catfish endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it swims in large shoals. One of the only fish known to practise brood parasitism, it lays its eggs among those of a mouthbrooding cichlid, and the young catfish devour the host's eggs. It is bred quite often in aquaria, with cichlids from Lake Malawi or Victoria as hosts, and should be kept in a group of four or more.

The dwarf lake Synodontis, Synodontis petricola, is a small, peaceful Synodontis catfish endemic to Lake Tanganyika. Unlike most of the genus it is bred quite often in aquaria, usually as an open-spawning egg scatterer, though it is also one of the few fish known to practise brood parasitism. It should be kept in a group of four or more, and a dwarf form adapts to a wider range of water chemistry.

Poll's Synodontis, Synodontis polli, is a Synodontis catfish endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it lives in large schools at 30 to 125 metres. It inhabits muddy bottoms and is not comfortable in well-lit conditions without hiding places. Superficially similar to S. petricola, it has larger body spots and a longer head, and it is occasionally mis-identified in the trade as S. angelicus, S. petricola or Synodontis sp.

Tanganicodus irsacae is a goby cichlid endemic to the northern part of Lake Tanganyika, living among pebbles and rocks in water under 1 metre deep. In this surge zone it scrapes algae from the rocks. Quite delicate in aquaria, it needs the highest water quality, a higher pH than many Tanganyikans and a relatively specialised diet, and it is aggressive towards its own kind. A bi-parental mouthbrooder, it is difficult to breed.

Telmatochromis vittatus is a lamprologine cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found in open water near rocky areas at 5 to 20 metres. Similar in lifestyle to Julidochromis species, it suits the smaller Tanganyikan community. It is told from T. brichardi and T. bifrenatus by its larger size, smaller eyes and more rounded nose, and should be kept as a pair because it is aggressive towards conspecifics.

The giant puffer, Tetraodon mbu, is a freshwater pufferfish from rivers and lakes in Central and East Africa, including Lake Tanganyika. Among the most aggressive puffers available, it can reach 75 cm and should be kept alone in a tank of around 240 by 90 by 90 cm. A molluscivore in nature, it needs snails and unshelled shellfish regularly to keep its continuously growing teeth worn down.

The yellow sand cichlid, Xenotilapia flavipinnis, is a bi-parental mouthbrooder endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where groups swim over sandy substrates. In nature the pair bond lasts only for the breeding season. In aquaria it can last much longer, with the pair remaining in their territory and defending it even when not spawning. A gentle substrate-sifter, it needs sand, a group of 6-10 and peaceful Tanganyikan tankmates, and it is very sensitive to deteriorating water conditions.

The black-chinned xenotilapia, Xenotilapia melanogenys, is a cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it lives in huge shoals over sandy substrates. Much of the literature still places it in the genus Enatiopus. The shoals in nature appear to be fixed, with an individual remaining in the same group for life. A skittish fish, it may react very nervously to rapid movements outside the tank and should not be kept with boisterous fish such as mbuna.

The big-eyed xenotilapia, Xenotilapia sima, is a cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it is found in large groups over sandy substrates. Rarely seen in the hobby, it feeds like the South American Geophagus species, sifting sand through its gills for invertebrates, so a sand substrate is essential. A peaceful and skittish maternal mouthbrooder, it should be kept in a group of 6-10 with peaceful Tanganyikan species and never with mbuna.

The green swordtail, Xiphophorus hellerii, is a livebearer native to southeastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. Among the world's most recognisable aquarium fishes, it is ubiquitous in the trade, where selective breeding and hybridisation with X. maculatus and X. variatus have produced a bewildering array of ornamental forms. The name is often misspelled X. helleri.

The emperor cichlid, Boulengerochromis microlepis, is the only member of its genus and the largest African cichlid, endemic to Lake Tanganyika. A prized food fish around the lake, it grows to 450 to 550 mm and adults are almost entirely piscivorous. Young farm-raised specimens have been readily available in the trade since the mid-2000s, but it is suitable only for public installations or the very largest private aquaria.

The giant tigerfish, Hydrocynus goliath, is a huge predatory alestid from large rivers and lakes of Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo. A voracious piscivore with dagger-shaped, interlocking teeth, it is one of the world's most infamous game fish. Small specimens are becoming easier to acquire, but its enormous adult size and the danger of maintaining it make it totally unsuited to aquarium life.

Marlier's julie, Julidochromis marlieri, is a rock-dwelling cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, also sold as the chequered julie. It swims hugging the rock surfaces at any angle, and is found in fairly deep water along rocky shorelines. Adults are very belligerent towards one another, so unless the tank is huge it should be kept as a pair. Several geographical morphs are available, and no two species or morphs of Julidochromis should be kept together as they may hybridise.

The golden julie, Julidochromis ornatus, is a cave-spawning cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found mainly in the north of the lake. One of the most common Julie species in aquaria, it may also be sold as the yellow or ornate julie. Most specimens available are tank bred and lack the bright colouration of wild fish. Several geographical morphs and an albino aquarium sport exist, and none should be kept with other Julidochromis as they may hybridise.

The Tanganyika lates, Lates angustifrons, is a giant predatory fish endemic to Lake Tanganyika, growing to 200 cm. Juveniles have turned up in some aquatic stores, but the species is not suited to captive life in any respect, and housing an adult is beyond the reach of most public aquaria. Highly piscivorous, it feeds mainly on cichlids in nature, and adults live throughout the lake, usually around the lake bed.

Neolamprologus brevis is a shell-dwelling cichlid found widely throughout Lake Tanganyika, and one of the commoner shell dwellers in the hobby. Where few snail shells collect, pairs share the same shell. Its territories are usually no more than 6" across but are defended vigorously. It is told apart from the similar Neolamprologus ocellatus by the vertical barring on its flanks.

The sunflower lamprologus, Neolamprologus helianthus, is a cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, described from Kamakonde on the southwestern shore. A member of the 'Brichardi complex', it is told apart from the others by its overall yellow-orange patterning and v-shaped cheek marking. Species in the complex hybridise freely and should not be mixed in aquaria.

The lemon cichlid, Neolamprologus leleupi, is a cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found over rocky shorelines in the south of the lake. It is not as easy to maintain as its popularity suggests, being intolerant of conspecifics and sensitive to deteriorating water conditions. The darker N. l. melas lives alongside the yellow form in nature, an example of polychromatism.

Neolamprologus marunguensis is a cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found over rocky shorelines around the southwestern shore of the lake. It has a deeply forked tail and was previously sold as Neolamprologus sp. 'walteri'. Relatively peaceful, it becomes very territorial when breeding and is best kept in a species tank.

Neolamprologus multifasciatus is a shell-brooding cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, and probably the smallest known cichlid species. It lives in fairly deep water around the shoreline, over soft substrates where the empty shells of snails collect. Each fish defends a territory usually no more than 6" across, and a group kept with more shells than fish will form a colony.

The ocellated shell-dweller, Neolamprologus ocellatus, is a small shell-brooding cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika. It buries its shell until only the entrance shows and defends it vigorously, sometimes burying neighbouring shells as well to keep other fish out. Males grow much larger than females, and a gold morph has become popular in the hobby. The lack of vertical barring on the flanks separates it from the similar N. brevis.

Neolamprologus olivaceous is a cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, where it is found only in Luhanga Bay. A member of the so-called 'Brichardi complex', it hybridises freely with the others and should not be mixed with them in aquaria. The two curved markings on the gill cover distinguish it within the complex, and Konings (1993) proposed that it may be synonymous with N. pulcher.

The striped brichardi, Neolamprologus savoryi, is a rock-dwelling cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika. A member of the so-called 'Brichardi complex', it hybridises freely with the others and should not be mixed with them in aquaria. Its pattern of vertical bars distinguishes it within the complex. An aggressive, territorial species, it is best kept in a species tank.

The six-barred lamprologus, Neolamprologus sexfasciatus, is a predatory cichlid from the southern part of Lake Tanganyika. It occurs only between Cape Tembwe and Karema, in shallow rocky areas and intermediate zones. Several geographical morphs are available, including 'Sambia' and 'Kipili', varying in base colour from blue to yellow to white. Its aggressive and predatory nature rules it out of the general Tanganyikan community, and only a single pair should be kept.

Neolamprologus signatus is a shell-brooding cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, known from Moba in DR Congo south to Cape Kapembwa in Zambia. Males and females look very different. Males grow larger and have vertical bars on the flanks, and females have none. Only one male should be kept unless the aquarium is large.

Neolamprologus similis is a small shell-dwelling cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, and one of the less frequently seen shelldwellers in the hobby. It lives around the shoreline over soft substrates where empty snail shells collect, and defends a territory usually no more than 6" across. Light stripes and additional barring on the head and neck separate it from the similar N. multifasciatus.

Neolamprologus speciosus is a shell-brooding cichlid endemic to the south-western end of Lake Tanganyika. Very similar to N. ocellatus, it often carries the trade name 'black ocellatus', and it lives alongside N. stappersi in nature. Males are much larger than females, and it breeds quite easily in snail shells that females bury until only the entrance is visible.

Neolamprologus stappersi is a shell-brooding cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found on the Congo side of the lake between Moliro and Kalemie. Originally thought to be a morph of N. ocellatus, it is still occasionally offered as 'pearly ocellatus' and may be seen under the invalid name L. meleagris. It defends its shell and the small territory around it vigorously, and dried foods are sometimes refused.

Steatocranus tinanti is a rheophilic cichlid from around Malebo Pool in the River Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo. It has a confused taxonomic history, having been classified in Gobiochromis and then Leptotilapia, and further revision is likely since it differs in behaviour and morphology from other Steatocranus. It inhabits rapids and turbulent water, digs shallow pits along the shorelines and moves by 'hopping' around the aquarium floor.

The upside-down catfish, Synodontis nigriventris, is a small Synodontis from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo and Cameroon. It lives among densely vegetated riverbanks and spends up to 90% of its time inverted, with a belly darker than its back. One of the most gentle members of the genus, it should be kept in groups of at least three or four.

The white-spotted cichlid, Tropheus duboisi, is endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found in rocky areas in deeper water than its congeners. Young fish have white or light blue spots on a jet black body, which fade to blue-black with a yellow or white vertical bar as they mature. Like others in the genus it is very susceptible to 'bloat' and not a good species for the beginner.

Tropheus moorii is a cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika, found in shallow water around rocky shores and known in over 50 geographical morphs. Despite its popularity it is not a good species for the beginner. Water quality matters above all because it is very susceptible to 'bloat', vegetable matter should form the basis of its diet, and different morphs hybridise freely and should not be mixed.

Variabilichromis moorii is a lamprologine cichlid endemic to the southern part of Lake Tanganyika, living in shallow water around rocky shorelines. All adults are dark, but depending on locality the fry may be dark, yellow or orange. The only known lamprologine that eats filamentous algae, it is often sold as Neolamprologus moorii and is relatively peaceful even when spawning.

The red-spotted lyretail, Aphyosemion cognatum, is a killifish from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Its range appears extensive in the middle and lower Congo regions. The type material came from a commercial shipment from Kinshasa and was presumed to have been collected nearby. Specimens from Lac Fwa in the Sankuru River drainage, many hundreds of kilometres from Kinshasa, have been identified as this species.

The Congo lyretail, Aphyosemion congicum, is a killifish from western Democratic Republic of Congo. It may be restricted to the area between the Kwango and Gamba rivers, but the type series came from a commercial shipment and its natural range remains unconfirmed. The Kwango drains to the Congo through the Kasai.

Decorse's lyretail, Aphyosemion decorsei, is a killifish from the middle Ubangi River basin in the Central African Republic. The Ubangi is a major tributary of the Congo. The type locality is Bessou in Lobaye prefecture, and its range probably extends into northern Republic of Congo and Democratic Republic of Congo.

Ctenochromis polli is a cichlid described from Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool), the lake-like widening of the Congo River between Kinshasa and Brazzaville. It has been recorded south to Pioka and Maninga in the Lower Congo and north to Kwamouth. Mostly benthic and not very gregarious, it is best kept as a single male with several females, since the dominant individual will not normally tolerate others in its territory.

The masked julie, Julidochromis transcriptus, is a small cichlid endemic to the rocky coastal zones of northwestern Lake Tanganyika. It is known from between Luhanga and Makabola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and grows to around 65 mm SL.